Chronic Prostatitis / Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS)
Why do symptoms continue even when tests show no significant abnormality?
Men with a dull ache or discomfort deep in the pelvis, urethral discomfort, pain around the testicles, or persistent discomfort after urination may have Chronic Prostatitis / Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS).
What symptoms can occur?
- Pain or discomfort in the perineum (between the scrotum and anus)
- Lower abdominal or groin pain
- Pain or discomfort in the penis or urethra
- Pain around the scrotum or testicles
- Discomfort during or after urination
- Frequent urination or a sensation of incomplete bladder emptying
- Pain during or after ejaculation
Symptoms may fluctuate, with periods of improvement followed by recurrence or worsening.
Does “prostatitis” always mean a bacterial infection?
No. Acute bacterial prostatitis is caused by bacterial infection and may cause fever, painful urination and difficulty urinating. However, in many patients with chronic prostatitis, bacteria cannot be identified on routine urine testing.
Today, CP/CPPS is understood to involve more than inflammation of the prostate itself. Tissues surrounding the prostate, pelvic floor muscle tension, increased nerve sensitivity, prolonged sitting and other lifestyle-related factors may all contribute.
Do you spend long periods sitting?
Prolonged desk work or driving may place continuous pressure on the pelvic and perineal areas. Persistent pelvic floor muscle tension may also contribute to pain and discomfort.
Avoid sitting continuously for more than about 90 minutes.
After sitting for approximately 90 minutes, stand up, walk around and move your body. If possible, take a 10–15 minute break from sitting. Medication is not the only treatment; changes in daily habits are also important.
What tests are performed?
Urine testing is usually performed first to check for urinary tract infection and other abnormalities. Depending on symptoms and medical history, additional examinations may be recommended.
At our clinic, ultrasound examinations are performed when medically indicated to evaluate the bladder, prostate and kidneys. With CP/CPPS, significant pain or discomfort may be present even when imaging shows no major abnormality that explains the symptoms.
When appropriate, we review the ultrasound images together with the patient and explain whether there is any significant abnormality around the symptomatic area. Having symptoms does not necessarily mean that a serious disease is present.
Is prostate massage always necessary?
No. Prostate massage has traditionally been used to obtain prostatic secretions for examination, but it can cause physical and psychological discomfort and is not necessary for every patient. At our clinic, we do not routinely perform prostate massage in every patient. We assess symptoms, clinical history, urine tests, imaging and other findings as appropriate.
How is CP/CPPS treated?
- Medication to improve urinary symptoms
- Medication to reduce pain or inflammation
- Antibiotics when clinically appropriate
- Avoiding prolonged sitting
- Regular gentle physical activity
- Reducing excessive pelvic muscle tension
- Reviewing sleep, fatigue and other lifestyle factors
There is no single treatment that works for every patient. Treatment is tailored to the individual clinical course and symptom pattern.
Why can recovery take time?
Symptoms may persist for weeks or months and may improve and then return. Persistent symptoms do not necessarily mean that a serious disease is progressing. After appropriate evaluation has excluded significant underlying disease, treatment focuses on identifying and reducing factors that may contribute to symptoms.
The prostate is only part of the picture
Although the condition is called “chronic prostatitis,” it cannot always be explained by persistent inflammation of the prostate alone. The prostate, urinary symptoms, pelvic floor muscles, nerves, prolonged sitting, fatigue, sleep and other factors may all contribute.
Even when tests show no significant abnormality, the patient's pain and discomfort are real. At the same time, confirming that there is no serious underlying abnormality can reduce unnecessary anxiety. By identifying aggravating factors and combining appropriate treatment with lifestyle changes, symptoms can often be improved.
If your symptoms persist or repeatedly improve and worsen, please consult a urologist.